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¾Ç ³N¶Ç¼½ (Scholarly Communication) ¬O«ü¸g¥Ñ¥¿¦¡©Î«D¥¿¦¡ºÞ¹D¡A¶Ç»¼©Î¤À¨É¾Ç³N¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¡C¥¿¦¡ºÞ¹D«ü±Ä¥Î¤½¶}¥B¥Ã¤[ªº¤è¦¡¶Ç»¼¸ê°T¡A¦p¡G³z¹L¹Ï®Ñ©Î´Á¥Z¡C«D¥¿¦¡ºÞ¹D«h«üµu¼Èªº¥æ¬y¡A¦p¡G­Ó¤H ªº¥æ½Í¡B°Ñ¥[·|ij©Î¨p¤H³q«Hµ¥¡C¤£¦P¾Ç¬ì»â°ìªº¾ÇªÌ¦]¬°¨ü¨ì¥~¦b¦]¯Àªº¼vÅT¡A¨ä¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½ªº¦æ¬°©Î±ÄÊFªººÞ¹D§¡¦³©Ò®t²§¡C¦p¡G¬ì¾Ç»â°ìªº¸g¶O¸É§U¦h¡A¬ì¾Ç®a °Ñ¥[·|ijªº¾÷·|¤]¸û¦h¡F¤H¤å¤ÎªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç»â°ì´Á¥Z¯Ê¥F¸g¶O¸É§U¡A¾ÇªÌ¦h¥H¥Xª©±M®Ñ¬°¥D¡C

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GJohn Feather and Paul Sturges, ed. International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science. London: Routledge, 1997, pp.409-410.

·í¾Ç³N¬Éªº¾ÇªÌ©Î¬O¬ã¨s¤H­û¶i¦æ¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½ªº¬ÛÃö¬¡°Ê®É¡A¬O¥H¤À¨Éªººë¯«»P¼ö§Õ¨Ó¬Ý«Ý¦Û¤vªº ¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¡A¦Ó¬ì¾Ç¤]¦]¬°¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½³oºØµL¨p¥i¶Qªººë¯«¡A¦Ó±o¥H§Ö³tªºµo®i¡C¤½¶}¥B¦Û¥Ñªº¨Ï¥Î¾Ç³N¸ê°T¡A¥¿¬O«P¶i¾Ç³Nµo®iªºÃöÁä¡C

ªø´Á¥H¨Ó¡A¾ÇªÌ±N±o¨ì¬ã¨s¸g¶O¸É§Uªº¦¨ªG¡A³z¹LÀç§Q¥Xª©ªÀ©Ò´x±±ªº¾÷¨î¡A¸g¹L¼f½Z«á¥Xª©¡A ¦A¥Ñ¹Ï®ÑÀ]½s¦C¹wºâ¶R¦^¡CµL½×¬O¸g¶O¸É§U©Î¬O´Á¥Z­q¶O¡A³£¤£¬O¨Ó ¦Û¾ÇªÌ¡A¦]¦¹¾ÇªÌ¸û¤£®e©öµo²{¡A³o­Ó¶Ç²Î¥Xª©ªº¾÷¨î¡A¤w¸g³y¦¨¹Ï®ÑÀ]¨S¦³¯à¤O´£¨Ñ¨ä¬ã¨s©Ò»Ýªº¸ê°T¡A±N¼vÅT¨ä¶i¦æ§ó¶i¤@¨Bªº¬ã¨s©Î±Ð¾Ç¡C

¾Ç³N¸ê·½ªº¨Ï¥ÎÅv¾D¨ìÀç§Q¥Xª©ªÀ©ÒÃbÂ_¡A±N¹ï¾Ç³Nµo®i²£¥Í¤£¨}ªº¼vÅT¡C¸g¹L¹Ï®ÑÀ]¾Ç¬Éªº©I Æ~¡A¾Ç³N¬É¤wª`·N¨ì³o­ÓÄY­«ªº°ÝÃD¡A´Á¬ß¸g¥Ñ¦UºØ³~®|ªº§V¤O¡A«Ø ¥ß¤@­Ó¥þ·sªº¾Ç³N¥Xª©¾÷¨î¡Cµ½¥[¹B¥Î¬ì§Þ¡A«Ø¥ß½u¤W¼f½Z¨t²Î¡A¥HÁYµu¦L¨ê¥Xª©®É¥N©Ò»Ý¤¾ªøªº¼f½Z¹Lµ{¡C§ó­«­nªº¹Á¸Õ«Ø¥ß¦UºØ¥i¥H§ïµ½©Î«P¶i¤½¶}¨ú¥Îªº¤u ¨ã¡C

2b. ¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½¬yµ{

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(¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GCharles J. Lowry (edt.), Librarians and publishers in the scholarly information process: transition in the Electronic age, Association of American Publishers, http://www.arl.org/clr/Frontmatter.html)

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(¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GCharles J. Lowry (edt.), Librarians and publishers in the scholarly information process: transition in the Electronic age, Association of American Publishers, http://www.arl.org/clr/Frontmatter.html)

2c. «Ø¥ß¾Ç³N¥Xª©·s¿³¨t²Îªº­ì«h

·sª¾ÃѪº³Ð³y¡B¶Ç¼½¤ÎÀ³¥Î¡A¬OÅý¤½¥Á¨ã¦³´¼¼z¤Î¸gÀÙªÀ·|´I¸Îªºµo®i°ò¦¡A°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¾÷ºc§Y¨ã ¦³³o¥\¯à¡C³z¹L¬ã¨s¤Î±Ð¾Ç¼W¶iª¾ÃÑ¡A«h¬O°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¹ï©ó¤½¦@°] (public good) µL¤ñ»ù­Èªº°^Äm¡C

¥Ñ©ó²{¦³ªº¾Ç³N¥Xª©¨t²Î¦¨¥»¤Ó°ª¡A³y¦¨STM(Science, Technology, and Medicine)´Á¥Zªº­q¶O°ªº¦¡A¨Ï±o¤j¾Ç¤Î¬ã¨s¹Ï®ÑÀ]µLªk´£¨Ñ¥R¸ÎªºÀ]ÂáA¥H¤ä´©±Ð®v¤Î¾Ç¥Íªº»Ý¨D¡A§ó­¢¨Ï¥Xª©¤H¤å¤ÎªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç»â°ì¹Ï®Ñªº¤j¾Ç¥Xª©ªÀ¤Î ¾Ç·|¡A¦]¬°¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº¹Ï®ÑÁʶR¤O¤U­°¡A¦Ó­±Á{¤j¶q´î¤Ö¥Xª©³o¨â­Ó»â°ìªº¹Ï®Ñ©Î¬OÂಾ¨ì¼Æ¦ì¥Xª©ªº¨âÃø§½­±¡CÁöµM¤w¦³³\¦h·sªº¥Xª©¼Ò¦¡±À¥X¡A¦ý¬O¾Ç¬É¯Ê¥F¦@ÃÑ ¤Î¥¼¯à±Ä¨ú¤@­Pªº¦æ°Ê¡A¨Ï±o´Á¥Z»ù®æ¤´«ùÄòötº¦¡C

2000¦~3¤ë2~4¤é¦b¬ü°ê¨È§Q®á¨º¦{¤Ñ´¶¥«(Tempe, Arizona)©Ò¥l¶}ªº·|ij¡A´N¬O¬°¤FÅý´x´¤¾Ç³N¥Xª©¬yµ{ªº¥D¨ÆªÌ¦³¾÷·|¦@¦P°Q½×¡A¤Î«Ø¥ß¥i¨Ñ«ü¤Þ¾Ç³N¥Xª©¨t²ÎÂàÅܪº¿í¦æ­ì«h¡C·í®É»P·|ªº¬ü°ê¤j¾Ç®Õ ªø¡B¹Ï®ÑÀ]À]ªø¡A¥H¤Î¾Ç·|¥D®u¡A¦@¹F¦¨9¶µ¦@ÃÑ¡A¾Ú¥H¹ª§j¾Ç³N¥Xª©·s¨t²Îªº³]­p¤ÎµûŲ¡A¨Ã©Ó¿Õ±Ä¨ú¦æ°Ê¡A³z¹LºÞ²z¥i¾a¥B¥I±o°_¨ú¾\¶O¥Îªº¨t²Î¡A¥H¤Þ¾É°ªµ¥ ±Ð¨|¾÷ºc´Â¦V´£¨Ñ©Ò¦³±Ð­û¨ú¥Î©Ò¦³¾Ç³N»â°ì¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s¸ê·½ªº¥Ø¼Ð¡C

  1. ¾Ç³N¾÷ºc¥Xª©¬ã¨s¦¨ªG©Ò»Ýªº¸g¶OÀ³¤©ºû«ù¡AÅý±Ð®v©M¾Ç¥Í¯à°÷«ùÄò¬Æ¦ÜÂX¤j¨ú¥Î¬ÛÃö ªº¬ã¨s¥Xª©¡C¤j¾ÇªÀ¸sªº¦¨­ûÀ³¸Ó¦@¦P¬ãÀÀ°õ¦æµ¦²¤¥H¹F¦¨¦¹¤@¥Ø¼Ð¡A±Ð®vªº°Ñ»P¬O¦¹¶µ¦æ°Ê±o¥H¦¨¥\ªº­«­nÃöÁä¡C

  2. À³¸Ó¹B¥Î¹q¤l¤Æªº®Ä¯à¡A´£¨Ñ¼sªxªº¨ú¥Î¾Ç³N¸ê·½¡B¹ªÀy¸ó»â°ìªº¬ã¨s¡B¼W¶i¤¬³q©Ê¤Î ¬d´M¯à¤O¡C¦b¹q¤l¤ÆªºÀô¹ÒùØ¡A¶}µo¦@¥Îªº¼Ð·Ç¬O«D±`­«­nªº¡C

  3. ¾Ç³N¥Xª©«~À³¥Hí©wªº¤è¦¡¤©¥H¨åÂáA´£¨Ñ¥Ã¤[¨Ï¥Î¡C­Y¬O¹q¤l¤Æªº§@«~¡AÀ³«O¦³³Q¤Þ ¥Î(citation)¤Î³sµ²®Éªº¥Ã¤[ÃѧO¼Ð°O (a permanent identifier)¡C

  4. ¾Ç³N¥Xª©ªº¨t²ÎÀ³¸Ó¥]¬AµûŲ¾Ç³NµÛ§@«~½èªºµ{§Ç¡A¦Ó¥B¨C¤@ºØ¥Xª©«~À³¸Ó´£¨ÑŪªÌ¦³ Ãöµû½×¦¹µÛ§@ªº¬ÛÃö¸ê°T¡C

  5. ¾Ç³NªÀ¸sÀ³´x´¤ª©Åv¤Î¦X²z¨Ï¥Îªº·§©À¡A¦b¼Æ¦ìÀô¹Ò¤¤´M¨D¾Ö¦³ªÌ¤Î¨Ï¥ÎªÌ§Q¯qªº¥­¿Å ÂI¡C¤j¾Ç¡B¾Ç°|¡A¤Î¨ä±Ð­û­Ì¡AÀ³¥H¤@ºØ¯à°÷½T©wÅý±Ð®v¦b±Ð¾Ç¤Î¬ã¨s®É¥i¥H¨ú閲¤Î§Q¥Î¨äµÛ§@ªº¤è¦¡¡A¨ÓºÞ²zª©Åv¤Î¨ä¨Ï¥Î­­¨î©M¨Ò¥~¡C

  6. ¦b°Ó°Q¥Xª©¨óij®É¡A±Ð®vÀ³Ã±¸p¥i¥H¼W¶i¨äµÛ§@«K©ó§Q¥Î(ready use) ªº¬ÛÃöÅv§Q¡A¨Ã¿ï¾Ü¥H¦X²z»ù®æ¥Xª©¾Ç³N¦¨ªG¬°¥Ø¼Ðªº´Á¥Zµoªí½×¤å¡C

  7. ¦b±±¨î«~½èªº¬Û¦P­ì«h¤U¡A¥Xª©½×¤åªº®Éµ{À³¤©ÁYµu¡C

  8. ¬°½T«OµÛ§@«~½è¤Î´î§C¤j¶q¥Xª©ªº±¡ªp¡AµûŲ±Ð­ûÀ³¸Ó§ó±j½ÕµÛ§@ªº«~½è¡A¨Ã¥B´î§C¹ï ©ó¶qªº­«µøµ{«×¡C

  9. ¹q¤l¤Æ©M¦L¨ê¥»ªºÀô¹Ò¤@¼Ë¡A¾ÇªÌ¤Î¾Ç¥Í¨Ï¥Î¸ê®ÆªºÁô¨pÅv³£À³¸Ó¥[¥H«OÅ@¡C

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  1.  ´Á¥Z­q¶O«ùÄò°ªº¦¡A¹Ï®ÑÀ]Ãø¥H©Ó¨ü¡G

    ´Á¥Z­q¶Oº¦´T°ª¹L³q³f¿±µÈ¡A¤]°ª¹L¹Ï®ÑÀ]¸g¶Oªº¦~¦¨ªø¡C
    ±q1986¦~°_¡A´Á¥Z³æ»ùªº¦~º¦´T¥­§¡¬°8.8%¡A¹Ï®Ñ³æ»ù¦~º¦´T¥­§¡¬°4.3%¡A
    ¤GªÌ¬Ò°ª©ó³q³f¿±µÈ(3.4%)¡C
    http://www.arl.org/newsltr/204/grph_table1.html

    ±q1986¦~°_¡A¬ü°ê¾Ç³N¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº´Á¥Z¸g¶O¦~¦¨ªø¥­§¡¬°7.9%¡A¦ý´Á¥Z­q¶O¦~º¦´T¬°9.0%¡C
  2. ¹Ï®ÑÀ]ÁʶR¯à¤O¤U­°¡AÁʸm¹Ï®Ñ¸ê®Æ¶q»¼´î¡A¥Xª©ªÀ´£°ª»ù®æ¥H¦]À³¡A§Î¦¨´c©Ê´`Àô¡C

  3. ¹Ï®Ñ¤Î´Á¥Z¥Xª©¶q³v¦~¼W¥[¡A¥i¨ú¥Îªº¾Ç³N¸ê·½«o¶V¨Ó¶V¤Ö¡C

    ÁöµM¥þ²y´Á¥Zªº¥Xª©¶q±q1980¦~¥N¤¤´Á¶}©l§Y¥H­¿¼Æ¦¨ªø¡A
    ¦ý¥_¬ü¬ã¨s¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº´Á¥Z­q¾\¶q¥­§¡´î¤Ö6%¡C
     http://www.arl.org/newsltr/210/costs.html

    1999¦~¬ü°ê¬ã¨s¹Ï®ÑÀ]¥­§¡ÁʮѶq¸û1986¦~´î¤Ö26%¡C¦P´Á¶¡¥þ²y¹Ï®Ñ¥Xª© ¶q¦~¼Wªø50%¡C
    http://www.arl.org/newsltr/210/costs.html

    1993¦Ü1998¦~¶¡¡A¿D¬w38©Ò¤j¾Ç¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº´Á¥ZÁ`­q¾\¶q´î¤Ö¤F43.7%¡C
    http://www.createchange.org/librarians/issues/silent.html#Australia

  4. ¤j«¬¥Xª©ªÀªº¨ÖÁÊ¡BÃbÂ_¡A¨Ï´Á¥Z»ù®æötº¦¡C

    Georgia Institute of Technology ªº¸gÀپǮaMark McCabeµo²{¡AElsevier©ó1991¦~¦X¨ÖPergamon Press«á¡A¥­§¡´Á¥Z­q»ùº¦¤F27%¡C¦P¼Ë¦a¡AKluwer¶R¤ULippincott«á¡A­q¶O¤]º¦¤F30%¡C

    °Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ " Librarians Seek to Block Merger of Scientific Publishing Giants," By Malakoff, David, Science, 11/03/2000, Vol. 290, Issue 5493

    "Journal pricing and mergers: A portfolio approach," by Mark J McCabe, The American Economic Review, Mar 2002.
  5. Impact Factor®ÄÀ³¡G

    1960 ¦~¥N¡AISI (Institute for Scientific Information)±À¥X¬ì¾Ç´Á¥Z¤Þ¤å¨t²Î¡A¥Himpact factor(¥­§¡¨C¦~¨C½g¤å³¹³Q¤Þ¥Îªº¦¸¼Æ)§@¬°´Á¥Z±Æ¦Wªº¨Ì¾Ú¡A¨Ï±o¬Y¨Ç´Á¥Z¦¨¬°¹Ï®ÑÀ]«D¶R¤£¥iªº "®Ö¤ß" ´Á¥Z¡A§ó¬O³y¦¨³o¨Ç´Á¥Z»ù®æªº¤ôº¦²î°ª¡C¦Óimpact factor±Æ¦W¦b«e500¦Wªº´Á¥Z¤¤¡A´X¥G¦³¤@¥bªº´Á¥Z³£¬OÄÝ©óElsevier¡AKluwerµ¥¤j«¬¥Xª©ªÀ¡C

3b. ¾Ç³N¶Ç¼½ªº¦M¾÷

3b1. ¹w´ú2012¦~¹Ï®ÑÀ]ÁʶR¯à¤O

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(¤@) ¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº´Á¥Z¸g¶O¬°1,102¸U¬ü¤¸¡C (¤G) ¹Ï®ÑÀ]»Ý­n1,424¸U¬ü¤¸¤~¯àºû«ù1986¦~ªº´Á¥ZÀ]Âäô¥­¡C (¤T)

¦]¸g¶O¤£¨¬(326¸U¬ü¤¸)¡A¥u¯à§R­q´Á¥Z¡C±q1999¦~¦Ü2012¦~¡A¥­§¡´Á¥ZÀ]ÂñN±q15,259ºØ´î¦Ü12,356ºØ¡C±q1986¦~¨ì2012¦~´Á ¥ZÀ]ÂÃÁY´î24.3%¡C

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¥Ñ©ó¹Ï®Ñ¸g¶O¦¨ªøªºÅܼƫܦh¡A¦]¦¹´Á¥Z¸g¶O¦~¦¨ªø·|§C©ó7.9%¡C°²³]´Á¥Z¸g¶O¦~¦¨ªø¤U·Æ ¦Ü5%¡A¨ì2012¦~®É--

(¤@) ¹Ï®ÑÀ]ªº´Á¥Z¸g¶O¬°773¸U¬ü¤¸¡C (¤G)  ¹Ï®ÑÀ]»Ý­n1,424¸U¬ü¤¸¤~¯àºû«ù1986¦~ªº´Á¥ZÀ]Âäô¥­¡C (¤T) 

¸g¶O¤£¨¬655¸U¬ü¤¸¡A¥u¯à§R­q´Á¥Z¡C±q1999¦~¦Ü2012¦~¡A¥­§¡´Á¥ZÀ]ÂñN±q15,259ºØ´î¦Ü8,363ºØ¡C±q1986¦~¨ì2012¦~´Á¥ZÀ]ÂÃÁY ´î48.7%¡C

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½ Scholars Under Siege, Create Change
http://www.createchange.org/librarians/issues/silent.html#WhereGoing

3b2.¥¢±±«áªº¤£¦X²z²{¶H

(¤@) ¬ü¥[°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¤Î¬F©²¾÷ºc¨C¦~ªá¶O¤W»õ¬üª÷¥H¤ä´©¬ã¨s¡AµM«á¦Aªá¤W»õ¤¸±N³o¨Ç¥¿¦¡¥Xª©ªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¶R¦^¨Ó¡C

(¤G) µÛªÌ¥¢¥h¹ï­Ó¤HµÛ§@ªº¨Ï¥ÎÅv¡G¾ÇªÌ§â¬ã¨s¦¨ªGªºª©ÅvÂàÅýµ¹¥Xª©ªÀ«á¡A¨Ï±oµÛªÌ§Q¥Î¦Û¤vªº¬ã¨s¦¨ªG¨ü¨ì­­¨î¡A§Y¨Ï¦b½Ò°ó¤W¨Ï¥Î¤]¤£¦æ¡C

(¤T) ¿ú¦h¤£¥Nªí»ù­È°ª¡G
  1. °Ó·~©Ê´Á¥Z¥­§¡¤ñ«DÀç§Q©Ê´Á¥Z¶Q¤W6.5­¿¡C
  2. «DÀç§Q©Ê´Á¥Zªº¦¨¥»®Ä¯q¸û°Ó·~©Ê´Á¥Z°ª¥X3­¿¡C
  3. 80/20©w«ß¡G´Á¥Z¨Ï¥Î¶qªº80%¶°¤¤¦b20%ªº´Á¥Z¡C
¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½ Scholars Have Lost Control, Create Change
http://www.createchange.org/librarians/issues/scholars.html

3c. ´Á¥Z­q¶Oº¦´T vs. ¹Ï®Ñ´Á¥Z¸g¶O¦¨ªø

1986~2002¦~¹Ï®Ñ´Á¥Z³æ»ù¤Î¥_¬ü¬ã¨s¹Ï®ÑÀ]ÁʶR¯à¤O¤ñ¸û

  1. Monograph and Serial Costs in ARL Libraries, 1986-2002, http://www.arl.org/stats/arlstat/graphs/2002/2002t2.html
  2. Supply and Demand in ARL Libraries, 1986-2002, http://www.arl.org/stats/arlstat/graphs/2002/2002t3.html
  3. Expenditure Trends in All ARL Libraries, 1986-2002, http://www.arl.org/stats/arlstat/graphs/2002/2002t4.html
  4. Resources per Student in ARL Libraries, 1986-2002, http://www.arl.org/stats/arlstat/index.html

3d. ´Á¥Z°ª»ù¤Î°ªº¦´T

3d1. ¬ì¾Ç´Á¥Z¦³¦h¶Q¡Hµ´¹ïÅý§AÀ~¤@¸õ¡I

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